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  • Study: Water fluoridation provides no detectable benefit in rural populations

    West Virginia Rural Health Research Center published a population study in January of 2012 which shows that municipal water fluoridation provides no benefit to children’s teeth.  In areas where water fluoridation was less prevalent, and dental care was also less accessible, there was no statistically significant difference in the number of cavities when compared to urban populations.

    “For children’s dental health measures, it was found that fluoridation rates were not significantly related to the measures of either caries or overall condition of the teeth for urban or rural areas.”

    Read the study here: 2011 fluoridation policy brief (PDF)

    While their conclusions seem rather desperate to soften the blow against the crumbling fluoride dogma, the data is consistent with World Health Organization statistics which show little to no benefit to fluoridation when comparing countries that do and do not fluoridate water and/or salt.

    That’s right, it’s all about brushing, flossing, the foods you eat, and genetics.  No amount of toxic fluoride makes up for inadequate dental hygiene especially after consuming sweet and acidic foods.

  • The Elite’s Plan for Global Extermination Exposed by Dr. Webster Tarpley

    This is part 2 of 4….

  • Late-term forced abortions coming soon to a country near you

    China forces woman into abortion at EIGHT months for breaching one-child policy

    Are you ready for this to begin in the West..?  Coercive and forced population control has happened in many western countries, including the US.  China’s brutal one child policy has been praised liberally by western eco-zealots, social darwinists, eugenicists, royalty, and their foundation-funded academic toadies.  Our little carbon monsters are next in the crosshairs.  We’re already being slow-killed and sterilized, but just wait a few years for the real kill-off.

    Who are we to judge the Chinese Government, though?  We perform late-term abortions willingly in the West.  As individuals, we can try to bring some awareness to this and reduce our consumption of cheap imports from China as much as possible, buying domestic, local, quality made stuff from reputable companies, and not supporting a system that literally eats babies (caution, graphic) and renders executed prisoners’ collagen for make-up.

    A change in the focus of China’s industry would go a long way toward taking the pressure off the Chinese people by allowing them to invest their assets and time in their own society, rather than manfacturing products for us that we should manufacture ourselves.

    (DailyMail) – An eight-months pregnant woman was dragged from her home and forced to have an abortion because she had broken China’s one-child-per-family law.

    Twelve government officials entered Xiao Aiying’s house where they hit and kicked her in the stomach, before taking her kicking and screaming to hospital.

    There, the 36-year-old was restrained as doctors injected her with a drug to kill the unborn baby. Read More Here

    While I’m on the subject, we’re a bunch of suckers and morons for letting corporations ship most of our manufacturing infrastructure overseas.  If the Chinese are smart, they will shift their (formerly our) manufacturing toward supporting their own domestic markets.  They’re already starting to do this by reducing rare earth metal exports.

    Most of what we “produce” here in the US now amounts to financial fraud, bureaucracy, and of course weapons and war.  Unfortunately, the rest of the world is finding it rather difficult to refuse to import these “goods.”

  • Sodium fluoride’s effect on the male reproductive system

    From fluoridealert.org

    Date Effects Study ATSDR (2003) response to studies
    2003

    Human population study

    3-27mg/day

    objective was to study reproductive parameters in a population exposed to fluoride at doses of 3-27 mg/day compared with a group of individuals exposed to fluoride at lower doses: 2-13 mg/day.
    A significant increase in FSH (P <0.05) and a reduction of inhibin-B, free testosterone, and prolactin in serum (P <0.05) were noticed in the high fluoride group. A significant negative partial correlation was observed between urinary fluoride and serum levels of inhibin-B (r = 0.333, P = 0.028) in the low fluoride group
    . Furthermore, a significant partial correlation was observed between a chronic exposure index for fluoride and the serum concentrations of inhibin-B (r = 0.163) in the high fluoride group … The results obtained indicate that a fluoride exposue of 3-27 mg/day induces a subclinical reproductive effect that can be explained by a fluoride-induced toxic effect in both Sertoli cells and gonadotrophs.
    Environ Res 2003. Sep;93(1):20-30.

    Fluoride-induced disruption of reproductive hormones in men.

    Ortiz-Perez and Rodriguez-Martinez et al.

    Laboratorio de Toxicologia Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico

    [As ATSDR's report has a publish date of September 2003, this study is not counted as one that ATSDR did not cite.]
    2002

    RAT

    NaF 20mg/kg/day for 29 days
    oral gavage

    exerts an adverse effect on the male reproductive system and this effect is associated with indicators of oxidative stress.

    significant diminution in the relative wet weight of the testis, prostate, and seminal vesicle

    Epididymal sperm count was decreased significantly

    Reprod Toxicol 2002 Jul;16(4):385

    Testicular toxicity in sodium fluoride treated rats: association with oxidative stress.

    Ghosh D, Das(Sarkar) S, Maiti R, Jana D, Das

    Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Reproductive Endocrinology and Family Welfare Research Unit, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal, Midnapore, India

    Not cited by ATSDR
    2002

    Ram semen

    5 hr incubation at 381⁄4C

    0.38; 1.9; 3.8 ppm F

    The percentage of spermatozoa in ram semen with intact acrosomes and the level of spermatozoa motility decreased significantly after dilution and after 5 hr incubation at 381⁄4C. Both indices decreased significantly in the presence of NaF at concentrations ranging from 20 ugmol/L to 0.1 mol/L. The activities of androgen-dependent enzymes – acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (y-GT-10S) – decreased significantly when the ejaculate was treated with NaF at concentrations of 20, 100, 200 ugmol/L (0.38; 1.9; 3.8 ppm F), but they returned to the initial value of the control at 0.1 mol/L (1900 ppm F). The activity of asparate transaminase (AspAT) displayed a large increase with the increasing lower F- concentration. These changes undoubtedly affect the physiological functions of the sperm. Fluoride 2002; 35(3):153-160

    In vitro influence of sodium fluoride on ram semen quality and enzyme activities

    Zakrzewska H, Udala J, Blaszczyk B

    Dept. of Biochemistry, Agricultural University, 17 Slowackiego Street, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland

    Not cited by ATSDR
    2000

    RAT

    150 mg/L NaF in drinking water

    significant decrease of sperm count and mobility, the increase of serum and testicular lipid peroxides (LPO) contents, and the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity depression of epididymis

    GSH-Px activities in the tissues of testis and epididymis were observed in ascorbic acid and fluoride group

    Chung-Kuo Kung Kung Wei Sheng (China Public Health) 2000 Aug;16(8):697-8

    [The primary study of antagonism of selenium on fluoride-induced reproductive toxicity of male rat]

    Zhu XZ, Ying CJ, Liu SH, Yang KD, Wang QZ.

    Department of Clinic Nutrition, Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical University, Wuhan, China.

    Article in Chinese. Suggest NRC translate

    Not cited by ATSDR
    2000

    MOUSE

    100, 200 and 300 ppm NaF
    drinking water for 4 or 10 weeks

    Fertility was significantly reduced at all three concentrations by exposure for 10 weeks

    results indicate that long-term ingestion of NaF adversely affects fertility in male mice

    Full report at: http://www.fluoride-journal.com/00-33-3/333-128.pdf

    Fluoride 2000; 33(3):128-134.

    Fertility effects of sodium fluoride in male mice

    Ahmed Elbetieha•, Homa Darmani, Ahmad S Al-Hiyasat.

    Department of Applied Biological Sciences,
    Faculty of Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    2000

    MOUSE

    NaF
    10 mg NaF/kg BW

    The reduced activity of the enzymes as well as the structural and metabolic alterations in the sperm led to a significant decrease in sperm count, and motility and live:dead ratios but an increase in abnormal sperm which ultimately lead to a poor fertility rate.

    It is concluded that fluoride has a definite effect on male reproduction and fertility.

    Environmental Sciences: an International Journal of Environmental Physiology and Toxicology. 2000; 7(1):29-38

    Reversal of fluoride-induced alteration in cauda epididymal spermatozoa and fertility impairment in male mice.

    Chinoy NJ and Sharma A

    Cited by ATSDR

    Page 167: Administration of ascorbic acid and/or calcium and cessation of sodium fluoride exposure enhanced the
    recovery of sperm function and morphology and testicular damage, as compared to no treatment, in rats
    (Chinoy et al. 1993), mice (Chinoy and Sharma 2000),

    1999

    MOUSE

    Fed a protein-deficient diet treated with NaF
    5, 10, 20 mg/kg BW for 30 days

    caused a significant decrease in protein levels in testes, cauda epididymis, and vas deferens.

    levels of cholesterol in testis and glycogen in the vas deferens were significantly enhanced as compared to controls.

    Fluoride 1999; 32(4):204-214

    Effects of protein supplementation and deficiency on fluoride-induced toxicity in reproductive organs of male mice

    NJ Chinoy and Dipti Mehta

    Reproductive Endocrinology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1998

    MOUSE

    NaF
    10 mg/kg BW

    significant decrease epididymis weight

    significant decline in cauda epididymal sperm motility and viability

    significant reduction in fertility rate. The cauda epididymal sperm count was also significantly reduced

    Full report at:
    http://www.fluoride-journal.com/98-31-4/314-203.htm

    Fluoride 1998; 31(4):203-216

    Amelioration of fluoride toxicity by Vitamins E and D in reproductive functions of male mice

    NJ Chinoy and A Sharma

    Reproductive Endocrinology and Toxicology Unit, UGC Department of Special Assistance and COSIST in Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, India.

    Cited by ATSDR

    Page 167: Postexposure
    administration of vitamins E and/or D was also effective in the recovery of sodium-fluoride induced testicular effects in mice (Chinoy and Sharma 1998).

    1998

    MOUSE

    NaF
    10 mg/kg/day for 28 days

    RAT: NaF
    1 mg/kg/day and
    10 mg/kg/day for 28 days

    In order to contribute to the clarification the effects of NaF in animal fertility we have assessed:
    1) the effect of fluoride on spermatozoa (sperm.) motility, epididymis (Epidid.) and seminal vesicles (sem. ves.) weight and fructose (fruc.) levels in sem. ves., in mice after 28 days of treatment with 10 mg/kg/day of NaF;
    2) Effect of 1 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day (Groups F1 an F2, respectively) of NaF represted treatment for 28 days in rat on sperm. count, epidid., sem. ves. and testis weight, fruc. levels in sem. ves. and testosterone (testost.) levels.

    Conclusions: The modification of some parameters related to fertility by the repeated oral NaF intake, in rodents, suggest that NaF has potential to disturb male fertility.

    Toxicology Letters, Volume 95, Supplement 1, July 1998, Page 214

    NaF may disturb male fertility in rodents

    R. Pinto, C. Vieira, H. Mota-Filipe and B. Silva-Lima

    Lab. Pharmacology, Fac. Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Portugal

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1997

    RAT

    10 mg NaF/kg BW
    for 30 days

    the protein profile was disturbed more in testis than in cauda epididymis, whereas phospholipids and gluthathione levels were affected more in cauda than in testis. Fluoride 1997; 30(1):41-50

    Fluoride toxicity on rat testis and cauda epididymal tissue components and its reversal

    Chinoy NJ*, Shukla S, Walimbe AS, Bhattacharya S

    * Professor and Head, Zoology Department, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1997

    GUINEA PIG

    NaF 30 mg kg-1 body weight
    30-days

    ATSDR – Page 82
    LOAEL 4.5 (mg/ kg/ day
    (decr sperm motility and viability)

    The cauda epididymal spermatozoa were highly sensitive to the effects of NaF as their structural and metabolic alterations led to marked decreases in their motility, live:dead ratio and sperm mitochondrial activity index but increases in sperm abnormalities and alterations in sperm membrane phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidyl serine. The activities of ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase as well as glutathione levels were decreased in testis by NaF treatment, revealing disturbances in its metabolism. Med Sci Res 1997 25(2):97-100.

    Fluoride toxicity in the testis and cauda epididymis of
    guinea pig and reversal by ascorbate.

    Chinoy NJ, Patel BC, Patel DK, et al.

    Zoology Department, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India.

    Cited by ATSDR

    ATSDR states:

    Page 179: alterations in sperm
    morphology or spermatogenesis

    See also: Pages 82 and 113

    1997

    RABBIT

    ATSDR – Page 85
    LOAEL 4.5 mg/ kg/day
    Leydig cell damage

    LOAEL 4.5 mg/ kg/ day
    Leydig cell damage

    As cited by ATSDR, page 85

    Environ Sci 5(2):79-94.1997.

    Ultrastructural studies on the leydig cells of rabbits exposed to chronic
    fluoride toxicity.

    Susheela AK, Kumar A.

    Cited by ATSDR
    1997

    GERBIL

    High fluoride (HF) pups = 2.3 ug F/g BW/day from birth to 24 days whereafter food contained 37 mg F/kg.

    Low fluoride (LF) pups: from 24 days old food contained 7 mg F/kg.

    At 16 weeks:
    Mean testes weight of High fluoride group significantly less than Low fluoride group
    A dissertation submitted to the School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Guildford 1997.

    The effect of fluoride on the physiology of the pineal gland

    Jennifer Anne Luke

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1996

    Serum testosterone concentrations in patients with skeletal fluorosis

    Circulating serum testosterones in skeletal fluorosis patients were significantly lower than those of Control 1 at p < 0.01. Ref: J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996;34(2):183-9

    Circulating testosterone levels in skeletal fluorosis patients.

    Susheela AK, Jethanandani P.

    Fluoride and Fluorosis Research Laboratories, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

    Cited by ATSDR

    Page 112:
    study found significantly decreased serum testosterone
    levels in 30 men diagnosed with skeletal fluorosis and in 16 men related to men with fluorosis and living in the same house as the patient (Susheela and Jethanandani 1996). The mean drinking water fluoride levels were 3.9 ppm (approximately 0.11 mg fluoride
    /kg/day), 4.5 ppm (0.13 mg fluoride
    /kg/day), and
    0.5 ppm (0.014 mg fluoride/kg/ day) in the patients with skeletal fluorosis, related men, and a control group of 26 men living in areas with low endemic fluoride levels… One limitation of this study is that the control men were younger (28.7 years) than the men with skeletal fluorosis (39.6 years) and the related men (38.7 years). In addition, the groups are small and potentially
    confounding factors are not well addressed.

    Also, pages 177, 179

    1996

    BANK VOLE

    200 micrograms F/ml drinking water for 4 months

    histopathologic changes in the germinal epithelium. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 1996 Jan;113(1):81-4

    Photoperiodic elevation of testicular zinc protects seminiferous tubules against fluoride toxicity in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus).

    Krasowska A, Wlostowski T.

    Institute of Biology, Bialystok Branch of Warsaw University, Poland.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1995

    RAT

    NaF
    10 mg/kg BW
    for 30 and 50 days

    ATSDR – Page 81
    LOAEL 4.5 mg/ kg/ day
    (decreased sperm motility and count)

    A significant reduction in electrolyte levels of sperm also occurred which would also affect their viability. The protein levels in cauda epididymal sperm suspension, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate were significantly decreased after NaF administration

    The results, corroborated by earlier data from our laboratory, show that fluoride has a definite effect on male reproduction and fertility.

    Fluoride 1995; 28(2):75-86

    Amelioration of fluoride toxicity in some accessory reproductive glands and spermatozoa of rat

    Chinoy NF, Narayana MV, Dalal V, Rawat M, Patel D

    Reproductive Endocrinology and Toxicology Unit, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380 009, India

    Cited by ATSDR
    1995

    RAT

    NaF in drinking water
    100 mg/L, and 200 mg/L for 2, 4, and 6 weeks.

    Results suggest that fluoride may have some harmful effects on the reproductive system in male rats. Fluoride 1995; 28(3):128-130

    The influence of fluoride on the content of testosterone and cholesterol in rat

    Zhao ZL, Wu NP, Gao WH

    Department of Preventive Medicine, Ningxia Medical College, 750004 China

    Not cited

    ATSDR cites in References only, not in text

    1995

    RABBIT

    10 mg NaF/kg BW/day for 20 and 23 months

    ATSDR – Page 84
    LOAEL 4.5 M mg/ kg/ day

    (structural damage of the spermatid and epididymal spermatozoa)

    The structural changes observed in the caput and cauda ductus epididymis might adversely affect the maturation of spermatozoa Int J Exp Pathol 1995 Feb;76(1):1-11

    Effects of chronic fluoride toxicity on the morphology of ductus epididymis and the maturation of spermatozoa of rabbit.

    Kumar A, Susheela AK.

    Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.

    Cited by ATSDR
    1994

    RAT

    NaF
    10 mg/kg BW for 50 days

    The histomorphometric studies revealed significant change in the Leydig cell diameter in correlation with the androgen levels. These results indicate that fluoride does interfere with steroidogenesis in short-term low-dose exposures in rats. Fluoride 1994; 27(1):7-12

    Effect of fluoride on rat testicular steroidogenesis

    MV Narayana and NJ Chinoy

    Zoology Department, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380 009, Gujarat, India

    Cited by ATSDR:

    Page 112: “In contrast [to Sprando 1997], significant decreases in serum testosterone levels were observed in rats receiving daily gavage doses of 4.5 mg fluoride /kg/day as sodium fluoride for 50 days (Narayana and Chinoy 1994) and in rats exposed for 60 days to 4.5 mg fluoride /kg /day as sodium fluoride in the diet (Araibi et al. 1989).”

    1994

    RAT
    (21-24 days old)

    NaF
    10 mg/kg BW
    for 30 days

    changes resulted in a significant decrease in sperm motility and thereby fertility rate. Fluoride 1994; 27(2):67-75

    Beneficial effects of ascorbic acid and calcium on reproductive functions of sodium fluoride-treated prepubertal male rats

    Chinoy NJ, Reddy VVPC, Michael M

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1994

    RAT

    NaF
    10 mg/kg BW
    50 days

    sperm acrosomal hyaluronidase and acrosin were reduced

    low sperm motility and count

    International Journal of Fertility 39 (6) 337-346. 1994.

    Reversible effects of sodium fluoride ingestion on spermatozoa of the rat.

    Narayana MV, Chinoy NJ.

    Reproductive Endocrinology & Toxicology Unit, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1994

    RABBIT

    10 mg NaF/kg BW daily for 18 months

    ATSDR – Page 84
    LOAEL 4.5 M mg/ kg/day
    (structural damage of the
    spermatid and epididymal spermatozoa)

    The abnormalities observed render the sperm nonfunctional and ineffective, and thus there is a possible role of fluoride in causing infertility Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1994 May-Jun;39(3):164-71

    Ultrastructural studies of spermiogenesis in rabbit exposed to chronic fluoride toxicity.

    Kumar A, Susheela AK

    Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

    Cited by ATSDR
    1994

    Human spermatozoa

    The altered lysosomal enzyme activity and glutathione levels together with morphologic anomalies resulted in a significant decline in sperm motility with an effective dose of 250 mM Reprod Toxicol 1994 Mar-Apr;8(2):155-9.

    In vitro fluoride toxicity in human spermatozoa.

    Chinoy NJ, Narayana MV

    Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1992

    RAT

    F
    100- and 200 ppm in their drinking water for 6- and 16 weeks.

    ATSDR – Page 112
    after 16 weeks of exposure, seminiferous tubule atrophy was observed at
    7.5 mg fluoride/kg/day and higher

    The high F intake caused several-fold increase in the F concentrations in the testes and bone as compared with control rats, both after the 6- and 16 wk exposure;

    Fifty percent of the 100- and 200 ppm F rats after 16 weeks exhibited histopathologic changes in the germinal epithelium of the testes, which resembled those in Zn-deficient rats.

    The data suggest that a deprivation of testicular Zn due to a high F intake may be directly responsible for the injury of testicular tubules.

    Comp Biochem Physiol C. 1992 Sep;103(1):31-4.

    The effect of high fluoride intake on tissue trace elements and histology of testicular tubules in the rat.

    Krasowska A, Wlostowski T.

    Institute of Biology, Bialystok Branch of Warsaw University, Poland.

    Cited by ATSDR.
    1992

    MOUSE

    NaF
    10 mg 20 mg/kg BW for 30 days.

    ATSDR – Page 81
    LOAEL: 4.5 mg/ kg/ day (decr sperm motility and count and infertility)

    significant decrease in sperm count and motility

    large numbers of deflagellated spermatozoa, with acrosomal, midpiece and tail abnormalities

    The treatment caused loss of fertility rate when normal cycling female mice were mated with treated males.

    Fluoride 1992; 25(2):71-76

    Reversible fluoride induced fertility impairment in male mice

    NJ Chinoy and E Sequeira

    Dept. of Zool., Univ. Sch. of Sciences, Gujarat Univ., Ahmedabad-380 009, India.

    Cited by ATSDR

    Page 113:
    The alterations in sperm and the infertility were reversible 30–60 days after termination of a 30-day exposure period (Chinoy and Sequeira 1992).
    Decreased sperm counts, sperm motility, and sperm viability (the ratio of live to dead sperm) have been observed in rats exposed to 2.3 mg fluoride/kg/ day and higher (Chinoy et al. 1992, 1995) and mice (Chinoy and Sequeira 1992)

    1992

    RAT

    NaF
    5 and 10 mg/kg BW/day) for 30 days

    ATSDR – Page 81
    LOAEL: 2.3 mg/ kg/ day (decreased fertility and sperm counts)

    succinate dehydrogenase activity in testis was inhibited. Similarly, adenosine triphosphatase activity and sialic acid levels in epididymides were also suppressed with more pronounced effect on cauda epididymis. Consequently, sperm motility and count were decreased leading to a significant decline in fertility by fluoride treatment. Journal of Environmental Biology 13 (1) 55-61. 1992.

    Effects of fluoride ingestion on the physiology of reproductive organs of male rats

    Chinoy NJ, Pradeep PK, Sequeira E.

    Dept. of Zool., Univ. Sch. of Sciences, Gujarat Univ., Ahmedabad-380 009, India.

    Cited by ATSDR

    Page 113:
    When exposed male rats were mated with unexposed females, decreased fertility was observed at 2.3 mg fluoride/kg/ day as sodium fluoride and higher (Chinoy and Sequeira 1992; Chinoy et al. 1992).
    Decreased sperm counts, sperm motility, and sperm viability (the ratio of live to dead sperm) have been observed in rats exposed to 2.3 mg fluoride/kg/ day and higher (Chinoy et al. 1992, 1995)

    1992

    RABBIT

    NaF
    5, 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg BW/day

    abnormal accumulation of lipids in testes.

    The increase of concentration of all lipid classes except free fatty acids in testes was directly correlated with the increase in dosage of fluoride administered.

    Fluoride 1992; 25(3):149-154

    Biochemical effects of fluoride on lipid metabolism in the reproductive organs of male rabbits

    A Shashi

    Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1992

    RABBIT

    NaF 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg
    via subcutaneous injections for a period of 3-1/2 months

    The testicular structural, nuclear and total proteins were significantly depleted in all test groups of animals as compared to the control. There was a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in the testicular DNA after drug administration. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1992 Oct;35(4):351-6.

    Testicular proteins and DNA in experimental fluorosis.

    Shashi, Kaur D.

    Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1991

    RAT

    chronic fluorosis was developed with drinking water containing high fluoride in male rat.

    Ultrathin sections of testes and prostate gland were observed under transmission electron microscope. The results were as follows: in the interstitial cell, microvilli on the surface of the cell decreased. Decrease or impairment of mitochrondria to various extent and distention of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasma were observed. Increase of lysosome, the multiform changes of mitochondria, distention and vesiculization of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and deposition of large lipid droplets appeared in some of sertoli cells of seminiferous tubule. Significant change did not appear in spermotogonium but appeared in spermatid. Spermiogenesis was blocked. There were impairment in the epithelium and interstitial tissue to some extent. The results in this experiment suggest that: interstitial cell of testes could be damaged and spermiogenesis could be blocked. J CHINA MED UNIV; 19 (5). 1991. 339-342.

    Ultrastructural observations of testes and prostate gland in rat with chronic fluorosis.

    Song K et al.

    Dep. Histoembryol.

    Article in Chinese. Suggest NRC translate

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1991

    RABBIT

    10 mg NaF/kg BW for 18 or 29 months.

    ATSDR – Page 84
    LOAEL 4.5 mg/ kg/day

    (complete cessation of spermatogenesis)

    In animals treated for 29 months, the spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules were disrupted, degenerated and devoid of spermatozoa.

    Spermatogenesis ceased only in animals treated for 29 months.

    J Reprod Fertil 1991 Jul;92(2):353-60

    A study of the effect of high concentrations of fluoride on the reproductive organs of male rabbits, using light and scanning electron microscopy.

    Susheela AK, Kumar A.

    Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.

    Cited by ATSDR

    Page 84, 112

    1991

    RABBIT

    NaF
    20 and 40 mg/kg BW for 30 days

    Reduction in sperm motility, count, and changes in their morphology and metabolism led to the significant decline in fertility of the treated animals. Fluoride 1991; 24(1):29-39

    Effects of vitamin C and calcium on the reversibility of fluoride-induced alterations in spermatozoa of rabbits

    Chinoy NJ , Sequeira E, Narayana MV

    Department of Zoology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahamadabad, India.

    Cited by ATSDR

    Page 167:
    Chinoy and associates have examined the effectiveness of calcium, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and vitamin D in reversing the reproductive effects associated with oral exposure to sodium fluoride.
    Administration of ascorbic acid and/or calcium and cessation of sodium fluoride exposure enhanced the recovery of sperm function and morphology and testicular damage, as compared to no treatment, in rats
    (Chinoy et al. 1993), mice (Chinoy and Sharma 2000), and rabbits (Chinoy et al. 1991).

    1991

    RAT

    single microsose (50 ug/50 ul) NaF into vasa deferentia of Rattus norvegicus

    arrest of spermatogenesis and absence of spermatozoa in the lumina of the seminiferous tubules of the testes, which consequently led to a decline in the sperm count in the caudae epididymides.

    Scanning electron microscopy of cauda and vas deferens sperm revealed deflagellation and tail abnormalities.

    Reproductive Toxicology 1991;5(6):505-512

    Microdose vasal injection of sodium fluoide in the rat

    Chinoy NJ, Rao MV, Narayana MV, Neelakanta E

    Department of Zoology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahamadabad, India.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1990

    RABBIT

    NaF
    5, 10, 20 and 50
    mg/kg/day
    for 100 days

    Deficient maturation and differentiation of the spermatocytes and an increase in the amount of interstitial tissue were found in the experimental animals. In the higher dosage groups, spermatogenesis stopped and the seminiferous tubules became necrotic. Folia Morphol (Praha) 1990;38(1):63-5

    Histopathological changes in rabbit testes during experimental fluorosis.

    Shashi.

    Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1989

    RAT

    100 or 200 ppm NaF
    60 days

    ATSDR (2003) – Page 80
    LOAEL 4.5 mg/ kg/ day
    (50% reduction in fertility, decr in percentage of seminiferous tubules containing spermatozoa and decr testosterone levels)

    dose-related decrease in reproductive performance

    decrease in serum testosterone at 200 ppm

    ATSDR in its 1991 Toxicological profile for fluorides, hyrdogen fluoride, and fluorine, stated (page 63):
    “Male CD rats fed 5 or 10 mg fluoride/kg/day as sodium fluoride exhibited a significant increase in the thickness of the peritubular membrane of the seminiferous tubules. Both treated group also exhibited a significant decrease in the percentage of seminiferous tubules containing spermatozoa and a significant decrease in serum testosterone. As a result, there were fewer pregnancies and fewer offspring among treated animals.”

    J BIOL SCI RES; 20 (1). 1989. 19-30.

    Effect of high fluoride on the reproductive performance of the male rat.

    Araibi AA, Yousif WH, Al-Dewachi OS.

    Cited by ATSDR
    1989

    MOUSE

    NaF
    10 mg 20 mg/kg BW
    for 30 days.

    NaF treatment caused severe disorganization and denudation of germinal epithelial cells of seminiferous tubules with absence of sperm in the lumina.

    epithelial cell nuclear pyknosis and absence of luminal sperm were observed.

    Reprod Toxicol 1989;3(4):261-7

    Effects of fluoride on the histoarchitecture of reproductive organs of the male mouse.

    Chinoy NJ, Sequeira E.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1989

    MOUSE

    NaF
    10 mg 20 mg/kg BW
    for 30 days.

    testis succinic dehydrogenase levels decreased, in the epididmides sialic acid and ATPase levels decreased; in the vas deferens glycogen levels increased, seminal vesicles fructose levels increased in the prostate glands, acid phosphatase and total protein levels increased. Fluoride 1989; 22(1):78-85

    Fluoride induced biochemical changes in reproductive organs of male mice

    Chinoy NJ, Sequeira E.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1987

    MOUSE

    NaF
    10, 20, 40 mg/kg
    Different assays were used

    Incidence of micronucleus and sperm abnormality increased with dose.

    … Of all the assay results in the present study, the sperm abnormality was highest …

    Caryologia 1987, 40:1-2; 79-87

    Genotoxic effect of an environmental pollutant, sodium flouride, in mammalian in vivo test system

    Pati PC and Bhunya SP

    Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, India

    Not cited.

    ATSDR only cited chromosome aberrations in mouse bone

    1985

    RAT

    5 ppm F

    A lowering in the production of testosterone was thought to be due to Perfluorochemicals exposure. A series of tests using sodium fluoride exposure to rats were performed. “The results provide unequivocal evidence that 250 uM fluoride inhibits testosterone secretion by rat testes perfused in vitro… The present observation of deleterious effects by 250 uM fluoride (5 ppm) emphasizes the sensitivity of steroidogenesis to fluoride.” 3rd International Congress of Andrology, Boston,
    Massachusetts.
    J Androl 6:59 (1985)

    Reproductive toxicology of fluoride

    Chubb C

    University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas, Texas 75235.

    Not cited

    ATSDR cites in References only, not in text

    1984

    RAT

    NaF
    5.0 mg/kg and
    20.0 mg/kg

    NaF at 5.0 mg/kg
    glutathione-S-transferase activity increased 4-fold in the testis


    NaF at 20.0 mg/kg
    decrease in lipid peroxidation in
    testes
    Toxicol Lett 1984 May;21(2):167-72

    Alterations in drug metabolising enzymes and lipid peroxidation in different rat tissues by fluoride.

    Soni MG, Kachole MS, Pawar SS.

    Biochem. Div., Dept. Chem., Marathwada Univ., Aurangabad 431004, India.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1983

    RAT

    A marked fall (P < 0.01) in the testosterone production was recorded at a fluoride concentration of 100 ppm and testosterone synthesis was maximally inhibited (P < 0.01) at 200 ppm. There was a noticeable, though marginal, inhibition in testosterone synthesis even at 10 ppm fluoride concentration… The fluoride ions which diffuse into the cells inhibit steroidogenesis… IRCS Med. Sci. 11, 813-814 (1983)

    In vitro inhibition of testosterone synthesis in the presence of fluoride ions

    Kanwar KC, Vig PS, Kalla NR

    Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1983

    Chicken

    NaF
    600 ppm

    98 days old to 158 days of age

    NaF (150, 300 or 600 ppm) were added to the basal ration of Hisex male and female chickens (98 days old)… (until 158 days of age)… initiation of spermatogenesis was delayed in the testes of the 600 ppm group and giant spermatid cells were observed. Breed variation in the response of chicken to the added level of F- was suggested. FLUORIDE; 16 (1). 1983. 37-43.

    Effect of high fluoride intake on chicken performance, ovulation, spermatogenesis and bone fluoride content.

    MEHDI A WR, AL-SOUDI KA, AL-JIBOORI N AJ,
    AL-HITI MK

    Dep. Vet. Physiol. Anim. Sci., Baghdad Univ., Coll. Agric., Baghdad, Iraq.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1982

    MOUSE

    Inbred mice, fed a low-F- diet, 0.263 | .028 ppm F-, were given drinking water containing 0, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 or 200 ppm F- for 3-6 wk

    Cytological studies on bone marrow cell chromosomes and spermatocytes showed that 1-200 ppm F- (as NaF) was able to induce chromosomal changes in a dose-dependent manner. The frequency of the induced chromosomal damage was significantly higher in each treatment than in the controls. The abnormalities included translocations, dicentrics, ring chromosomes, and bridges plus fragments, or fragments by themselves. There was a significant correlation between the amount of F- in the body ash and the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities. FLUORIDE; 15 (3). 1982. 110-118

    Cytological effects of sodium fluoride on mice.

    Mohamed AH
    Chandler ME

    Dept. of Biology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City

    Not cited

    ATSDR cites in References only, not in text

    1981

    MOUSE

    cytochemical alterations in Leidig cells and in the basal parts of the Sertoli cells Fluoride 1981; 14(4):182-191

    Fluorosis: geographical pathology and some experimental findings

    AA Zahvoronkov and LS Strochkova

    Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, USSR

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1981

    RAT

    The effects of fluoride (F-) administration were studied on 2 groups of weanling male Wistar rats, a control fed a basal diet containing 0.09 mg% F- and the other fed a diet containing 50 mg% F- for 30 days… The amount of F- accumulated in brain, heart, thymus, kidney, testes, adrenal and femur of the F–fed group was significantly higher than those of controls. J TOKYO MED COLL; 39 (3). 1981. 441-460.

    Hygienic study on fluoride: 4. Physiological effects of fluoride on rat.

    TOMOMATSU T

    Dep. Biochem., Tokyo Med. Coll.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1980

    MOUSE

    NaF
    500 and 1000 ppm
    in drinking water for 3 months

    lack of maturation and differtiation of spermatocytes

    spermatogenesis had stopped and seminiferous tubules became necrotic.

    Fluoride 1980; 13(4):160-162

    Histological Finding of Mice Testes Following Fluoride Ingestion

    Kour K, Singh J.

    Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Kashmir, India

    Not cited.

    Cited by ATSDR in its References but not in the text

    1978

    Human spermatozoa

    Adenylate cyclase from ejaculated human spermatozoa was inhibited by fluoride J Reprod Fertil 1978 May;53(1):59-61

    Inhibitors of adenylate cyclase from ejaculated human spermatozoa.

    Haesungcharern A, Chulavatnatol M.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1978

    RAT (immature)

    NaF

    increased frequency of occurrence of various seminiferous tubules containing spermatids

    The mechanism of action of NaF may be hypothetical, but it probably consists of direct action on the seminiferous epithelium level.

    Andrologia 1978 May-Jun;10(3):223-33

    The influence of human menopausal gonadotropin, natrium fluoride and cyproterone acetate on the spermatogenesis in immature rats.

    Kula K.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1978

    MOUSE

    Impaired spermatogenesis Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 1978:2,103-135

    Effect of high fluoride intake on reproductive system of the male mice

    Ridha M, Al-Jiboori N, Mehdi AW

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1977

    Human males suffering from fluorosis

    Compared to healthy controls, testosterone content proved to be decreased and FSH content elevated in patients with fluorosis Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 1977 Jul-Aug;23(4):104-7

    [Effect of inorganic fluorine compounds on the functional state of the pituitary-testis system]

    Tokar’ VI, Savchenko ON.

    Article in Russian. Suggest NRC translate

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1977

    RAT

    NaF

    androgen-binding protein (ABP) synthesis is inhibited at 0 degrees C or in the presence of cycloheximide, puromycin or sodium fluoride.

    Immature (17-25-day-old rat) testes showed a higher rate of ABP synthesis per 100 mg tissue than adult rat testes during ‘baseline’ conditions

    Mol Cell Endocrinol 1977 Oct;8(4):335-46

    In vitro synthesis of rat testicular androgen-binding protein (ABP).

    Ritzen EM, Hagenas L, Ploen L, French FS, Hansson V.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1976

    RAT

    The enzyme of the spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis was more sensitive to inhibition by ouabain and fluoride J Reprod Fertil 1976 Sep;48(1):91-7

    Changes in surface ATPase of rat spermatozoa in transit from the caput to the cauda epididymidis.

    Chulavatnatol M, Yindepit S.

    Not cited by ATSDR
    1972

    Patient with endemic fluorosis

    bilateral calcification of the vas deferens Fluoride 1972; 5(2):86-88

    Cacification of the vas deferens in a patient with endemic fluorosis
    Case report

    SPS Teotia and M Teotia

    Not cited by ATSDR
    Note:
    Kanwar et al. (1983) stated, “degeneration of the seminiferous tubules at high doses of fluoride intake was reported in 1934″ by Phillips PH and Lamb AR, Arch. Pathol. 17, 169.

    ATSDR cites a 1933 study by Phillips and Lamb in its References:
    Phillips PH, Lamb AR, Hart EB, et al. 1933. Studies on fluorine in the nutrition of the rat: II. Its influence on reproduction. Am J Physiol 106:356-364.

  • Bill Gates: Use Vaccines To Lower Population

    Microsoft chief echoes John P. Holdren’s call for massive sterilization program, wants CO2 tax

    Bill Gates: Use Vaccines To Lower Population 010310top

    Paul Joseph Watson
    Prison Planet.com
    Monday, March 1, 2010

    Microsoft founder Bill Gates told a recent TED conference, an organization which is sponsored by one of the largest toxic waste polluters on the planet, that vaccines need to be used to reduce world population figures in order to solve global warming and lower CO2 emissions.

    Stating that the global population was heading towards 9 billion, Gates said, “If we do a really great job on new vaccines, health care, reproductive health services (abortion), we could lower that by perhaps 10 or 15 per cent.”

    Quite how an improvement in health care and vaccines that supposedly save lives would lead to a lowering in global population is an oxymoron, unless Gates is referring to vaccines that sterilize people, which is precisely the same method advocated in White House science advisor John P. Holdren’s 1977 textbook Ecoscience, which calls for a dictatorial “planetary regime” to enforce draconian measures of population reduction via all manner of oppressive techniques, including sterilization.

    “I’m not sure what the nothing-to-see-here explanation is for Bill Gates’ theory that “new vaccines” can help lower the population of the world,” points out the Cryptogon blog, “But I thought about the incidents from the 1990s where the World Health Organization was providing a “tetanus vaccine” to poor girls and women (and just poor girls and women) that contained human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). For those who don’t want to delve into that, in short, it was a World Health Organization experiment; a test of a vaccine against pregnancy.”

    After presenting an equation that included the number of people on the planet and CO2 emissions, Gates said, “Probably one of these numbers is going to get pretty near to zero.”

    Later in the presentation, Gates mentions picking a vaccine, “which is something I love,” that would be used to lower global CO2 emissions.

    He also advocates pouring more money into the global warming scam by way of the United Nations, as well as a “CO2 tax” and cap and trade, while making it clear that the developed world would have to reduce its living standards by cutting back on essential services that generate CO2.

    Gates said that a 20 per cent reduction in CO2 emissions was necessary by 2020, a 50 per cent reduction by 2050, and ultimately that there had to be zero CO2 emissions globally, a measure that would completely reverse hundreds of years of technological progress and return man to the agrarian age, all in the name of preventing an alleged miniscule temperature increase that has been proven to be based on fraudulent data models in light of the Climategate scandal.

    One of Gates’ proposals for reducing CO2 emissions is the use of biofuels, which as a new report highlights, has resulted in millions of acres of forests being destroyed, which ultimately means a net increase in CO2 emissions from biofuels when compared to fossil fuels, not to mention the massive devastation caused to wildlife.

    As we have documented, a CO2 reduction of 50-80 per cent, not to mention 100 per cent, would inflict a new great depression in the United States, reducing GDP by 6.9 percent – a figure comparable with the economic meltdown of 1929 and 1930.

    Additionally, the “post-industrial revolution” being proposed by Gates and his ilk would lead to massive job losses.

    The implementation of so-called “green jobs” in other countries has devastated economies and cost millions of jobs. As the Seattle Times reported back in June, Spain’s staggering unemployment rate of over 18 per cent was partly down to massive job losses as a result of attempts to replace existing industry with wind farms and other forms of alternative energy.

    In a so-called “green economy,” “Each new job entails the loss of 2.2 other jobs that are either lost or not created in other industries because of the political allocation — sub-optimum in terms of economic efficiency — of capital,” states the report.

    The fact that Gates would be so open in his call to use vaccines to lower global population (without a word as to the human rights considerations), probably has a lot to do with the audience attending his speech.

    The TED organization admits that it is elitist, “in a good way,” and charges a whopping $6,000 dollars membership fee which must be paid by conference attendees. TED also charges nearly $1,000 just for its live conference web stream. The organization’s sponsors include IBM and military-industrial complex kingpin General Electric, which has a notorious history of environmental misdeeds, being ranked fourth-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with more than 4.4 million pounds per year (2,000 Tonnes) of toxic chemicals released into the air. GE is also a major contributor to the toxic waste problem, rendering its sponsorship of an organization that claims to be seeking solutions to environmental problems completely hypocritical.

    Watch Gates’ speech below.


  • National Security Study Memorandum 200: World Population Growth And U.S. Security

    Only problem is… NSM 200 has not been ignored at all.   Sterilants abound in our food and water.

    population-security.org

    National Security Study Memorandum 200: World Population Growth And U.S. Security delineates the development and major findings of this important study. Author Stephen D. Mumford reveals:

    “In March, 1970, the U.S. Congress created The Commission on Population Growth and the American Future, which completed its work in March 1972. Its final report offered more than 70 recommendations. Collectively, they constituted a detailed blueprint for a superb national population policy.”

    And uncovers why this commission’s final report was ignored.

    “In the words of a Commission member, Congressman James Scheuer (D.-NY): “The reasons were obvious — the fear of attacks from the far right and from the Roman Catholic Church because of our positions on family planning and abortion. With the benefit of hindsight, it is now clear that this obstruction was the first of many similar actions to come from high places.”

    Then he goes on to describe the commissioning of the NSSM 200 study, its major findings and the Vatican’s responsibility in the failure to implement the study’s recommendations.

    National Security Study Memorandum 200:

    World Population Growth And U.S. Security

    by Stephen D. Mumford

    Stephen D. Mumford has his doctorate in Public Health. He has decades of international experience in fertility research and has recently returned from Vietnam where he spent a month studying a new technique of female sterilization. In 1981 he received the Margaret Mead Leadership Prize in Population and Ecology.

    We must help break the link between spiraling population growth and poverty….Where they have been tried, family planning programs have largely worked. .Many pro-life advocates .. .contend that to condone abortion even implicitly is morally unconscionable. Their view is morally shortsighted. . ..if we provide funds for birth control . . .we will prevent the conception of millions of babies who would be doomed to the devastation of poverty in the underdeveloped world.

    Richard M. Nixon

    Seize the Moment

    (Simon & Schuster, 1992)

    President Nixon has recently reasserted his belief that overpopulation gravely threatens world peace and stability. He ranks assistance in population growth as the most important effort the United States can undertake to promote peace and stability. During his presidency he authorized the study that came to be known as NSSM 200 — National Security Study Memorandum 200. In order to effectively examine the content and fate of NSSM 200, we need to backtrack a bit to the Rockefeller Commission which was discussed in the Summer 1992 issue of this journal.

    From his first days in office, President Nixon understood the grave dangers of high rates of population growth — more than any other president. He responded appropriately when he perceived that his people and their way of life were gravely threatened. Seven months into his first term, in a rare move for a president, he delivered his Special Message to the Congress.1

    The message set forth a far-reaching commitment to limiting population growth. It set in motion a broad range of government activities, both domestic and international. It called for the creation of the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future to collect and analyze data that would make possible the formulation of a comprehensive United States population policy.

    In March, 1970, the U.S. Congress created The Commission on Population Growth and the American Future, which completed its work in March 1972. Its final report offered more than 70 recommendations. Collectively, they constituted a detailed blueprint for a superb national population policy.

    WHY WAS THE COMMISSION’S FINAL REPORT IGNORED?

    1972 was a presidential election year and President Nixon was facing a difficult reelection bid, so when a delegation of the Commission presented the Final Report to him on May 5, 1972, six months before election day, he sharply condemned the most important recommendations.2 Why was he attempting to distance himself from the report? In the words of a Commission member, Congressman James Scheuer (D.-NY): “The reasons were obvious — the fear of attacks from the far right and from the Roman Catholic Church because of our positions on family planning and abortion. With the benefit of hindsight, it is now clear that this obstruction was the first of many similar actions to come from high places.”3

    During the following two-year period, it became increasingly clear that there would be no response to the Commission’s recommendations. In May 1974, a group of pioneer population activists acknowledged this inaction and asked Ambassador Adolph Schmidt to speak with his friend, Commission Chairman, John D. Rockefeller III. They met in June, 1974 in New York City. Schmidt noted his own disappointment and that of his colleagues because no program had been mounted as a result of the recommendations. What had gone wrong? Rockefeller responded: “The greatest difficulty has been the very active opposition by the Roman Catholic Church through its various agencies in the United States.”4

    “…a definitive interagency study of the threat of overpopulation to U.S. security … NSSM 200 details how and why world population growth threatens U.S. and global security.”

    None of the Commission’s 70 recommendations were ever implemented. It is tragic that the American people have been kept in the dark about this bold opposition by the Vatican and other pronatalist groups. Lay Catholic Americans desire the same number of children as non-Catholic Americans,5 use contraceptives6 and obtain abortions7 in the same proportions, support school-based population information and sex education8 for their children, and advocate a halt to illegal immigration9 into the U.S. in the same proportions. No doubt, both Catholic and non-Catholic Americans would have strongly counter-balanced this bold obstruction of American policy had they been aware of it. The quality of life for all of us has been significantly diminished by this change in policy, in substantial measure at the behest of pronatalist pressures from the Vatican.

    PRESIDENT NIXON MAKES A BOLD MOVE

    Despite the intense opposition of the Catholic hierarchy he encountered in the wake of the Rockefeller Commission, President Nixon’s assessment of the gravity of the overpopulation problem and his desire to deal with it remained unchanged. On April 24, 1974, in an effort to contend with this crisis, in National Security Study Memorandum 200 (NSSM 200), Nixon directed that a study be undertaken to determine the “Implications of World Population Growth for U.S. Security and Overseas Interests.”10 Its findings would be momentous indeed.

    I can only speculate, but the President must surely have been aware that this new document would meet with the same intense opposition from the Vatican and others as the earlier one. However, perhaps he felt that a definitive study of the national and global security implications of overpopulation, revealing that the very security of the United States was seriously threatened, would generate public demand for action to curb growth. That might serve to overcome the pressures being exerted by the opponents. Why else would he have undertaken this study, given his painful experience after the Rockefeller Commission?

    NSSM 200

    To implement NSSM 200, National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger, acting for the President, directed the Secretaries of Defense and Agriculture, the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, the Deputy Secretary of State and the Administrator of the Agency for International Development (AID), to jointly undertake “a study of the impact of world population growth on U.S. security and overseas interests.” This work was completed on December 10, 1974 and circulated to the designated Secretaries and Agency heads for their review and comments.

    Meanwhile, on August 9, 1974, Gerald Ford had succeeded to the presidency. Revisions to the study continued until July, 1975. On November 26, 1975, the 227-page report and its recommendations were endorsed by President Ford in National Security Decision Memorandum 314: “The President has reviewed the interagency response to NSSM 200…,” wrote the new National Security Advisor, Brent Scowcroft. “He believes that United States leadership is essential to combat population growth, to implement the World Population Plan of Action and to advance United States security and overseas interests. The President endorses the policy recommendations contained in the Executive Summary of the NSSM 200 response…”

    President Ford, recognizing the gravity of the situation, assigned responsibility for further action to the National Security Council (NSC): “The President, therefore, assigns to the Chairman, NSC Undersecretaries Committee, the responsibility to define and develop policy in the population field and to coordinate its implementation beyond the NSSM 200 response.”

    NSSM 200 was intended to be and is a definitive interagency study of the threat of overpopulation to U.S. security. NSSM 200 details how and why world population growth gravely threatens U.S. and global security. It also provides a blueprint for the U.S. response to this burgeoning problem, reflecting the deep concern of those who produced the report. Because of the bold nature of the suggested initiatives, the authors recommended that the report remain classified for 5 years in order to provide time to educate the American public as to the necessity of these initiatives. The NSSM 200 report actually remained classified for 14 years.

    Both the findings and the recommendations are as relevant in 1992 as they were in 1975, but too numerous to list here in their entirety. To mention a selected few:

    NSSM 200 reports:

    There is a major risk of severe damage [caused by continued rapid population growth] to world economic, political, and ecological systems and, as these systems begin to fail, to our humanitarian values [Executive Summary, page 10].

    The sense of near emergency is electric:

    …world population growth is widely recognized within the government as a current danger of the highest magnitude calling for urgent measures [Page 194]. …it is of the utmost urgency that governments now recognize the facts and implications of population growth, determine the ultimate population sizes that make sense for their countries and start vigorous programs at once to achieve their desired goals [Page 15].

    The threat to security briefly summarized,

    …population factors are indeed critical in, and often determinants of, violent conflict in developing areas. Segmental (religious, social, racial) differences, migration, rapid population growth, differential levels of knowledge and skills, rural/urban differences, population pressure and the spatial location of population in relation to resources – in this rough order of importance — all appear to be important contributions to conflict and violence… Clearly, conflicts which are regarded in primarily political terms often have demographic roots. Recognition of these relationships appears crucial to any under standing or prevention of such hostilities [Page 66].

    The report gives three examples of population wars: the El Salvador-Honduras “Soccer War,” the Nigerian Civil War, and the Pakistan-India-Bangladesh War, 1970-7 1. (With hindsight, we can see that the two-decade-long civil war in Lebanon is another classic example, and that the civil wars in The Sudan, Somalia and other countries on the African continent are realizations of the projections made in NSSM 200. South Africa is on the brink. War between Israel and Arab countries fueled by population growth is all but inevitable.)

    Where population size is greater than available resources, or is expanding more rapidly than the available resources, there is a tendency toward internal disorders and violence and, sometimes, disruptive international policies or violence [Page 69].

    (This was a vital element, surely, in the 1991 U.S.-Iraq War, much more costly than decades of

    successful worldwide population growth control.)

    In developing countries, the burden of population factors, added to others, will weaken unstable governments, often only marginally effective in good times, and open the way to extremist regimes [Page 84].

    (The Sudan is a vivid recent example.)

    The depth of concern for this ominous and progressive threat to national security is reflected in the objectives and goals outlined in the report:

    The World Population Plan of Action and the resolutions adopted by consensus of the 137 nations at the August 1974 U.N. World Population Conference, though not ideal, provide an excellent framework for developing a worldwide system of population/family planning programs [Executive Summary, page 19].

    At the UN World Population Conference, only the Vatican opposed the Plan:

    . . .the Conference adopted by acclamation (only the Holy See stating a general reservation) a complete World Population Plan of Action [Page 87].

    SUGGESTED GOALS AND MEANS

    Our objective should be to assure that developing countries make family planning information, education and means available to all their peoples by 1980 [Page 130]. …intense efforts are required to assure full availability by 1980 of birth control information and means to all fertile individuals, especially in rural areas [Executive Summary, page 9].

    While specific goals in this area are difficult to state, our aim should be for the world to achieve a replacement level of fertility, (a two-child family on the average), by about the year 2000. . ..Attainment of this goal will require greatly intensified population programs U.S. leadership is essential [Executive Summary, page 14].

    It is now all too clear how crucial this leadership was. The U.S. withdrew from this role shortly after the election of President Carter, just one year after the initiation of public policy based on the report. Initiatives for curtailment of population growth have been deteriorating ever since.

    After suitable preparation in the U.S., announce a U.S. goal to maintain our present national average fertility no higher than replacement level and attain stability by 2000 [Executive Summary, page 19]. Only nominal attention is [currently] given to population education or sex education in schools… [Page 158] … Recommendation: That U.S. agencies stress the importance of education of the next generation of parents, starting in elementary schools, toward a two-child family ideal. That AID (the Agency for International Development) stimulate specific efforts to develop means of educating children of elementary school age to the ideal of the two-child family…[Page 159].

    Despite the Helms Amendment, which clearly ruled out abortion assistance in U.S. foreign aid programs, there was a clear consensus that continued widespread use of abortion would be required to meet/attain the objective.

    While the agencies participating in this study have no specific recommendations to propose on abortion, the following issues are believed important and should be considered in the context of a global population strategy. . ..Certain facts about abortion need to be appreciated:

    No country has reduced its population growth without resorting to abortion [Page

    182].

    Indeed, abortion, legal and illegal, now has become the most widespread fertility control method in use in the world today [Page 183].

    It would be unwise to restrict abortion research for the following reasons: 1) The persistent and ubiquitous nature of abortion. 2) Widespread lack of safe abortion techniques… [Page 185].

    An important goal in NSSM 200 dealt with leadership:

    These programs will have only modest success until there is much stronger and wider acceptance of their real importance by leadership groups. Such acceptance and support will be essential to assure that the population information, education and service programs have vital moral backing, administrative capacity, technical skills and government financing [Page 195].

    The report recommended spending whatever could reasonably be absorbed to achieve these goals:

    We recommend increases in the AID budget requests to the Congress on the order of $35-$50 million annually through FY 1980 (above the $137.5 million requested for FY 1975)… However, the level of funds needed in the future could change significantly, depending on such factors as major breakthroughs in fertility control technologies and LDC receptivity to population assistance [Executive Summary, page 24].

    A ONE-CHILD FAMILY POLICY FOR THE U.S.

    We know that even after a country reduces fertility to the replacement level, that, thanks to the phenomenon of momentum, the population continues to grow for another 70 years before stability is achieved. A goal of NSSM 200 was to attain this stability here by the year 2000. One of the chief coordinators of the NSSM 200 study recently acknowledged that the government recognized the one-child family norm would be necessary to achieve this goal and was under obligation to encourage Americans to limit family size.

    NO ACCOMMODATION TO THE VATICAN

    The study frankly dismissed the arguments that have been raised by the Vatican to counter efforts to reduce population growth. The position of the Roman Catholic Church on population growth centers on the need for economic development in Third World countries as a way to bring growth rates down. NSSM 200 takes an entirely different tack:

    We cannot wait for overall modernization and development to produce lower fertility rates naturally since this will undoubtedly take many decades in most developing countries… [Executive Summary, page 7]. Clearly development per se is a powerful determinant of fertility. However, since it is unlikely that most LDCs will develop sufficiently during the next 25-30 years, it is crucial to identify those sectors that most directly and powerfully affect fertility [Page 137].

    There is also even less cause for optimism on the rapidity of socio-economic progress that would generate rapid fertility reduction in the poor LDCs, than on the feasibility of extending family planning services to those in their populations who may wish to take advantage of them [Page 99].

    This directly opposes the Vatican position.

    But we can be certain of the desirable direction of change and can state as a plausible objective the target of achieving replacement fertility rates by the year 2000

    [Page 99].

    These statements manifestly rule out any accommodation to the Vatican on the issue of population growth control.

    IMPLEMENTATION OF NSSM 200 IS BROUGHT TO A HALT

    During 1976, Catholic activists worked diligently to undermine population growth control efforts. Dr. R.T. Ravenholt, who directed the global population program of the U.S. Agency for International Development in the Department of State from 1966 to 1979, tells the story. On March 4, 1991, he addressed the Washington State Chapter of Zero Population Growth (ZPG) on “Pronatalist Zealotry and Population Pressure Conflicts: How Catholics Seized Control of U.S. Family Planning Programs,” and described some of these activities:

    Following a meeting of Presidential candidate Jimmy Carter and his campaign staff with fifteen Catholic leaders at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington, D.C., on August 31, 1976, on which occasion they pressed Carter to deemphasize federal support for family planning in exchange for a modicum of Catholic support for his presidential race… Joseph Califano became Secretary of HEW… When Father Hesburgh [President of Notre Dame University] declined the role of AID Administrator, the appointment was given to John J. Gilligan, a Notre Dame graduate and a former governor of Ohio… John H. Sullivan moved from Congressman Clement Zablocki’ s office into AID… Congressman Zablocki and Jack Sullivan had persistently worked to curb AID’s high powered family planning program. In 1973, Jack Sullivan and allied zealots helped Senator Jesse Helms develop the Helms Amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act.”

    AN IMPORTANT DISCLOSURE: TIME MAGAZINE TELLS IT LIKE IT IS

    The headline on the cover of the February 24, 1992 issue of TIME magazine was: “Holy Alliance: How Reagan and the Pope Conspired to Assist Poland’s Solidarity Movement and Hasten the Demise of Communism,” referring to an article written by prize-winning journalist Carl Bernstein.

    He reports:

    The Catholic Team: The key Administration players were all devout Roman Catholics CIA chief William Casey, [Richard] Allen [Reagans first National Security Advisor], [ William] Clark [Reagans second National Security Advisor], [Alexander] Haig [Secretary of State], [Vernon] Walters [Ambassador at Large] and William Wilson, Reagan’s first ambassador to the Vatican. They regarded the U.S.-Vatican relationship as a holy alliance: the moral force of the Pope and the teachings of their church combined with their notion of American democracy.

    In a section of his TIME article headed, “The U.S. and the Vatican on Birth Control,” Bernstein writes three very revealing paragraphs:

    In response to concerns of the Vatican, the Reagan Administration agreed to alter its foreign aid program to comply with the church’s teachings on birth control. According to William Wilson, the President’s first ambassador to the Vatican, the State Department reluctantly agreed to an out-right ban on the use of any U.S. aid funds by either countries or international health organizations for the promotion of…abortions. As a result of this position, announced at the World Conference on Population in Mexico City in 1984, the U.S. withdrew funding from, among others, two of the world’s largest family planning organizations: the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the United Nations Fund for Population Activities.

    American policy was changed as a result of the Vatican’s not agreeing with our policy,’ Wilson explains. ‘American aid programs around the world did not meet the criteria the Vatican had for family planning. AID [the Agency for International Development] sent various people from [the Department of State to Rome, and I’d accompany them to meet the president of the Pontifical Council for the Family, and in long discussions they finally got the message. But it was a struggle. They finally selected different programs and abandoned others as a result of this intervention.’

    I might have touched on that in some of my discussions with [CIA director William] Casey,’ acknowledges Pio Cardinal Laghi, the former apostolic delegate to Washington. Certainly Casey already knew about our positions about that.’


    Bernstein makes clear what the cadre of devout Catholics in the Reagan Administration did to protect the papacy and Catholic teaching from the potential fall-out from NSSM 200. He quotes the U.S. ambassador to the Vatican, William Wilson, who reveals that during the Reagan Administration, papal policy on birth control and abortion replaced the policy set forth by NSSM 200; and so the 21st century will be irredeemably less livable because of “this intervention.”

    A CODE OF SILENCE CLOAKS THE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF NSSM 200

    Immediately after President Ford adopted the recommendations of NSSM 200 on November 26, 1975, a peculiar silence fell over the whole matter. The report was never printed. There are only a handful of photocopies. Those who wrote the report recommended that it be classified for 5 years. Werner Fornos, President of the Population Institute, with the aid of several members of Congress, succeeded in getting the NSSM 200 report declassified for a brief period in 1976. Despite his best efforts, and the explosiveness of this report detailing major changes in the lives of every American, he was unable to achieve any press coverage whatsoever. Instead, he found the report reclassified as a result of the objections of “members of the national security establishment” to the early declassification.

    In the end, as noted, the document remained classified for 14 years, rather than the recommended 5 years. Declassification in 1989 apparently resulted from application of the Freedom of Information Act.

    THE SILENCE EXTENDS BEYOND NSSM 200

    The Vatican must be confronted on this issue. Says Representative Scheuer: “The Roman Catholic Church and its allies cannot be allowed to dictate the rules of the game when it comes to preservation of life on this planet at some level of decency.”12

    Clearly, Carl Bernstein’s article in TIME has been the most important development in revealing the influences of the Vatican on American policy. Rep. Scheuer’s article, published in this journal, and Ravenholt’s speech to ZPG were both major advances.

    Congressman Scheuer has put it succinctly: “The issue of population growth is too crucial to the future welfare of our nation and of the world to be left to the Roman Catholic hierarchy and it allies in the fundamentalist movement.”3 The pressures must be countered so that the rational and measured policies proposed by the Rockefeller Commission and NSSM 200 can be implemented as rapidly as possible.

    NOTES

    1 Nixon, R. “Special Message to the Congress on Problems of Population Growth,” July 18, 1969. Public Papers of the Presidents, No. 271, p. 521, Office of the Federal Register, National Archives, Washington, DC, 1971.

    2 Nixon, R. “Statement About the Report of the Commission on Population Growth and the American Future,” May 5, 1972. Public Papers of the Presidents, No. 142, p. 576, Office of the Federal Register, National Archives, Washington, DC, 1974.

    3 Scheuer, J. “A Disappointing Outcome: United States and World Population Trends Since the Rockefeller Commission,” The Social Contract, Summer 1992, pp. 203-206.

    4 Schmidt, A.W., Personal communication, August 28, 1992.

    5 National Security Council, National Security Study Memorandum 200, Washington, DC, April 24, 1974.2 pp.

    6 National Security Council, “NSSM 200: Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for U.S. Security and Overseas Interests,” Washington, DC December 10, 1974, 227 pp.

    7 National Security Council, “National Security Decision Memorandum 314,” Washington, DC, November 26, 1975. 4 pp.

    8 NSSM 200, Executive Summary, p. 10.

    9 Ibid, p. 194.

    10 Ibid, p. 15.

    11 Ravenholt, R.T., “Pronatalist Zealotry and Population Pressure Conflicts: How Catholics Seized Control of U.S. Family Planning Programs,” Center For Research on Population and Security, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, May 1992, 27 pp.

    12 Scheuer, J., op. cit., p. 206.

    13 Ibid, p. 205.

    BIRTH CONTROL PERCEIVED AS A THREAT TO PAPAL AUTHORITY

    Why is the Roman Catholic Church obliged to halt legalized abortion and contraception despite the strong wishes of Americans?

    In Papal Power: A Study of Vatican Control Over Lay Catholic Elites (The University of California Press, 1980), Jean-Guy Vaillancourt, Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Montreal, closely examines the sources of papal power. It is derived in significant part from papal AUTHORITY. If the Pope’s AUTHORITY is diminished, papal power is diminished. However, some AUTHORITY is derived from papal power and if papal power is diminished, then AUTHORITY is undermined. The relationship is circular. Less AUTHORITY means less power which means even less AUTHORITY. With diminishing power, survival of the institution of the Roman Catholic Church in its present hierarchical form is gravely threatened. Thus, the very survival of the Vatican is threatened by programs to control population growth.

    In April, 1992, in an exceedingly rare public admission of this threat, Cardinal John O’Connor of New York, delivering a major address to the Franciscan University of Steubenville, acknowledged, “The fact is that attacks on the Catholic Church’s stance on abortion — unless they are rebutted — effectively erode Church AUTHORITY on all matters, indeed on the AUTHORITY of God himself.”

    This threat was recognized decades ago by the Papal Commission on Population and Birth Control which met from 1964 until 1966. According to Commission member Thomas Burch, the Pope himself assigned the Commission the task of finding a way of modifying the Church’s position on birth control without destroying papal AUTHORITY, which is absolutely essential for the continued survival of the Vatican and the Catholic Church as we know it today. The Commission failed to find a way and the result was the encyclical Humanae Vitae which banned the use of contraception.

    The Vatican clearly believes that if solutions to the population problem are applied, the teaching of the church will be undermined and the dominance of the papacy will be vitiated. Thus, it is convinced that it cannot compromise on the issue of birth control, regardless of our national policy. NSSM 200 forthrightly opposes Rome on population strategy, family planning and abortion in the interest of national security.

    – Stephen Mumford

    from:

    THE SOCIAL CONTRACT

    Vol. III, No. 2

    Winter 1992-93

    1993

    The Social Contract

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    A Social Contract Reprint